Biography
of James H. Peabody
By
James O. Chipman
Staff Archivist for the State of Colorado
The life of James H. Peabody was a series of
unusual circumstances,
events and achievements. Even his birth was
unique as he was the
youngest of 17 children! He was born on
August 21, 1852, in Orange
County, Vermont, where his family raised
crops and children. James
attended school in Vermont, and later
furthered his education at the
Bryant and Stratton Commercial Colleges at
Barre and Burlington,
Vermont. Three of his brothers fought for the
Union in the Civil War.
His father moved to Pueblo, Colorado, in 1871
and established the dry goods firm of Peabody & Jordan. James followed him
after receiving his business college education in 1872, and worked for three
years keeping the books. Early in 1875, he went to work for James Clelland in
Clelland's general mercantile store in Canon City, Colorado. He worked his way
up to become manager and then a partner of the firm. In 1882, he purchased the
business and operated it until 1885, when he was elected county clerk. He
defeated the incumbent who had held the post for 18 years. On March 19, 1878,
he married Frances Lillian Clelland. They had four children, James, Clellan,
Cora May and Jessie Anne.
In his fourth year as county clerk, he joined
several other men in organizing the First National Bank of Canon City. In 1891,
he was elected president of the bank. He also continued his public service by
serving two years as city treasurer and two years as alderman. He was an
organizer of the Canon City Water Works Company, and for many years was its
secretary and treasurer. He also assisted in forming the Electric Light Company
of Canon City and was its first president.
Peabody had a great interest in the Masonic
Fraternity and established a phenomenal record with them, not only in Colorado,
but throughout the nation. At the age of 32, he was chosen to be the Grand
Master of the Colorado Masons, the youngest grand master in America.
Through his business and civic connections, Peabody became widely known throughout the state. Being active in Republican Party politics, he was nominated for governor in 1902. He was elected based on his law and order platform. However, his administration was marked by widespread labor troubles. Miners' wages and recognition of labor unions were the primary contentious issues. These troubles extended from the metal mines in Clear Creek, Cripple Creek and Telluride to the coal fields of Las Animas County. Striving to settle the numerous strikes and to keep the peace, Peabody ordered out the Colorado National Guard whenever he found it necessary. As a result, Peabody's first administration proved to be two of the most turbulent years in state history.
By 1903, the Western Federation of Miners was
well entrenched in the mining areas and strove to extend its membership. At
Cripple Creek in Teller County, Federation members held most of the political
offices including sheriff. Most non-union miners had been driven out. The mine
employers were intent, however, in their refusal to recognize the legitimacy of
the union. Denying completely the concept of collective bargaining, the mine
owners insisted that their working relationships with the miners was based on
individual contracts. For the union, the ultimate weapon opposing this policy
was the strike, which was supposed to force the owners into negotiation. The
mine owners countered the strikes by employing non-union workers. They believed
that if union men left their jobs then other workers would be glad to replace
them, which would then force the union to disintegrate.
Both sides resorted to violence. The Cripple
Creek mine operators imported non-union labor from outside the mining area,
which was countered by the union forming armed camps to barricade the roads and
railroads leading into the fields. The mine owners appealed to Governor
Peabody, who sent an investigatory committee to the area. On their
recommendation, Peabody dispatched the militia. Nearly 1,000 men were sent into
Teller County on his order of September 4, 1903. Cripple Creek police and
deputy sheriffs were relieved of their duties and all citizens were required to
register their firearms.
As the strike continued, it became warfare for
unconditional surrender. The climax to the violence occurred on June 6, 1904,
when Harry Orchard, who was employed by the union, dynamited the railroad
station at Independence, Colorado, killing 13 non-union miners. The mine
operators moved in and took over the press of the Victor Record, which was a
newspaper that had remained friendly to the union. They also rounded up
strikers and either confined them in the infamous "bullpens" or took
them under guard to the Kansas border and abandoned them there. Dozens were
arrested without warrants and held without formal charges. General Sherman Bell
of the Colorado National Guard shouted, "Habeus Corpus, hell! We'll give
'em post mortems."
With the support of the militia, the mine owners
regained control over the Cripple Creek mines. By midsummer, 1904, the strike
was broken although it was never officially terminated by the Western
Federation of Miners. The owners reopened their mines with non-union labor and
the union never again assumed its prominence in Cripple Creek. By 1905,
organized business had won an important victory against Colorado's union mine
workers.
Peabody ran
again for a second term in 1904 against Democrat, Alva Adams. The slogan for
the Democrats was "Anybody but Peabody!" Adams criticized Peabody's
handling of the Cripple Creek and other strikes and promised that he would do a
better job of ending the industrial warfare. Despite Adams' apparent victory,
the Republicans who controlled the legislature, insisted that fraud and
corruption had dominated the balloting process in certain counties. Apparently,
however, both parties had used methods that prevented a fair election. Since
the legislature was charged with deciding contested seats, the Republicans
prevailed and voted to unseat Governor Adams. Peabody was then pronounced the
winner upon condition that he resign immediately after taking the oath of
office. The governor's chair was then handed over to the Republican Lieutenant
Governor, Jesse F. McDonald. Colorado thus had the dubious distinction of
having three different governors in one day.
Following the election, Peabody returned to his
home in Canon City where he retired to private life, devoting his time to
caring for his various financial interests. He died November 23, 1917 and is
buried in Canon City.
Bio used with permission. Bio from the website http://www.colorado.gov/dpa/doit/archives/govs/peabody.html
Magic Lantern slides and pin from the David
Holcomb collection of American Political Campaign Items.